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Grumetto, L., Russo, G., Barbato, F.
Immobilized Artificial Membrane HPLC Derived Parameters vs PAMPA-BBB Data in Estimating in Situ Measured Blood-Brain Barrier Permeation of Drugs
(2016) Molecular Pharmaceutics, 13 (8), pp. 2808-2816. 
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00397
AFFILIATIONS: Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, Naples, Italy
ABSTRACT: The affinity indexes for phospholipids (log kW IAM) for 42 compounds were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on two different phospholipid-based stationary phases (immobilized artificial membrane, IAM), i.e., IAM.PC.MG and IAM.PC.DD2. The polar/electrostatic interaction forces between analytes and membrane phospholipids (Δlog kW IAM) were calculated as the differences between the experimental values of log kW IAM and those expected for isolipophilic neutral compounds having polar surface area (PSA) = 0. The values of passage through a porcine brain lipid extract (PBLE) artificial membrane for 36 out of the 42 compounds considered, measured by the so-called PAMPA-BBB technique, were taken from the literature (P0 PAMPA-BBB). The values of blood-brain barrier (BBB) passage measured in situ, P0 in situ, for 38 out of the 42 compounds considered, taken from the literature, represented the permeability of the neutral forms on "efflux minimized" rodent models. The present work was aimed at verifying the soundness of Δlog kW IAM at describing the potential of passage through the BBB as compared to data achieved by the PAMPA-BBB technique. In a first instance, the values of log P0 PAMPA-BBB (32 data points) were found significantly related to the n-octanol lipophilicity values of the neutral forms (log PN) (r2 = 0.782) whereas no significant relationship (r2 = 0.246) was found with lipophilicity values of the mixtures of ionized and neutral forms existing at the experimental pH 7.4 (log D7.4) as well as with either log kW IAM or Δlog kW IAM values. log P0 PAMPA-BBB related moderately to log P0 in situ values (r2 = 0.604). The latter did not relate with either n-octanol lipophilicity indexes (log PN and log D7.4) or phospholipid affinity indexes (log kW IAM). In contrast, significant inverse linear relationships were observed between log P0 in situ (38 data points) and Δlog kW IAM values for all the compounds but ibuprofen and chlorpromazine, which behaved as moderate outliers (r2 = 0.656 and r2 = 0.757 for values achieved on IAM.PC.MG and IAM.PC.DD2, respectively). Since log P0 in situ refer to the "intrinsic permeability" of the analytes regardless their ionization degree, no correction for ionization of Δlog kW IAM values was needed. Furthermore, log P0 in situ were found roughly linearly related to log BB values (i.e., the logarithm of the ratio brain concentration/blood concentration measured in vivo) for all the analytes but those predominantly present at the experimental pH 7.4 as anions. These results suggest that, at least for the data set considered, Δlog kW IAM parameters are more effective than log P0 PAMPA-BBB at predicting log P0 in situ values for all the analytes. Furthermore, ionization appears to affect differently, and much more markedly, BBB passage of acids (yielding anions) than that of the other ionizable compounds. © 2016 American Chemical Society.
CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: Barbato, F.; Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, Italy; email: fbarbato@unina.it

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Panichelli, P.a , Villano, C.b , Cistaro, A.c , Bruno, A.d , Barbato, F.e , Piccardo, A.f , Duatti, A.g 
Imaging of Brain Tumors with Copper-64 Chloride: Early Experience and Results
(2016) Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals, 31 (5), pp. 159-167. 
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DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2028
AFFILIATIONS: aAdvanced Center of Oncology, ACOM, Macerata, Italy; 
bHospital ''santo Spirito'', Pescara, Italy; 
cPositron Emission Tomography Centre, IRMET, Affidea, Turin, Italy; 
dASST ''papa Giovanni XXIII'', Bergamo, Italy; 
eCMO Center, Naples, Italy; 
fOspedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy; 
Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari, 46, Ferrara, Italy
ABSTRACT: Objectives: To conduct the first investigational study that is aimed at evaluating the ability of the simple salt 64CuCl2 to diagnose cerebral tumors in patients affected by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Methods: Nineteen patients with a documented history and radiologic evidence of brain tumors were enrolled in the study. Eighteen patients were diagnosed with GBM, and one patient was diagnosed with grade II astrocytoma. After initial cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), patients were administered with 64CuCl2 (13 MBq/kg) and brain positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging was performed at 1, 3, and 24 hours after administration. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) were calculated and used to figure out the pharmacokinetic profile of the tracer. Absorbed radiation doses were estimated using OLINDA/EXM. Results: Copper-64 chloride clearly visualized brain cancerous lesions within 1 hour after injection, with stable retention of radioactivity at 3 and 24 hours. Excellent agreement was found between PET/CT and MRI. No uptake of the tracer was observed in low-grade astrocytoma. The agent cleared rapidly from the blood and was mostly excreted through the liver, without significant kidney washout. Analysis of time variation of SUVmax values showed persistent uptake in malignant tissues with a slight increase of radioactive concentration at 24 hours. Conclusions: Copper-64 chloride has favorable biological properties for brain imaging and warrants further investigation as a diagnostic tracer for GBM. © Copyright 2016, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2016.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: brain tumors;  copper-64;  copper-64 chloride;  glioblastoma multiforme;  neuroimaging;  PET imaging
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article